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1.
Int. j. morphol ; 42(1): 147-153, feb. 2024. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1528828

ABSTRACT

SUMMARY: The handgrip strength is used as a means of individual's health prediction during life. It is used as an indicator of the nutrition status, bone fragility, presence of sarcopenia and it correlates with certain diseases and clinical complications. The research goal was to analyze the results of the hand dynamometry test, based on the chronological and biological age, and to offer normative and referent standards about children and adolescents from the Republic of North Macedonia. The study was conducted on a sample of 4031 respondents of both sexes at the age 6-14 years. In order to achieve the research goals, the measured characteristics were of the weight, height, sitting height and handgrip strength. The body mass index and biological maturity values (APHV) were obtained by using formulas. On the basis of the obtained results, it can be concluded that statistically significant differences in handgrip strength are established between the boys and girls of all age categories. Also, statistically significant differences between boys and girls are established in the hand dynamometry test of all APHV levels. In general, the use of the APHV allows a better categorization of the performance of the studied children and adolescents. With boys, the correlation between the chronological age and test was 68 %, and with girls - 77 %. The normative referent standards of the hand dynamometry test are presented in percentiles for both sexes. Thye hand dynamometry test's results during childhood and adolescence should be analyzed and interpret on the basis of biological age, and not on the chronological age. These tools can help specialists who work with children and adolescents in ethnic and epidemiological context.


La fuerza de prensión se utiliza como medio para predecir la salud del individuo durante la vida. Se utiliza como indicador del estado nutricional, fragilidad ósea, presencia de sarcopenia y se correlaciona con determinadas enfermedades y complicaciones clínicas. El objetivo de la investigación fue analizar los resultados de la prueba de dinamometría manual, con base en la edad cronológica y biológica, y ofrecer estándares normativos y referentes sobre niños y adolescentes de la República de Macedonia del Norte. El estudio se realizó en una muestra de 4031 encuestados de ambos sexos con edades comprendidas entre 6 y 14 años. Para lograr los objetivos de la investigación, las características medidas fueron el peso, la altura, la altura al sentarse y la fuerza de prensión. El índice de masa corporal y los valores de madurez biológica (APHV) se obtuvieron mediante fórmulas. Sobre la base de los resultados obtenidos, se puede concluir que se establecen diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la fuerza de prensión manual entre niños y niñas de todas las categorías de edad. Asimismo, se establecen diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre niños y niñas en la prueba de dinamometría manual de todos los niveles APHV. En general, el uso del APHV permite una mejor categorización del desempeño de los niños y adolescentes estudiados. En los niños, la correlación entre la edad cronológica y la prueba fue del 68 %, y en las niñas, del 77 %. Los estándares normativos referentes de la prueba de dinamometría manual se presentan en percentiles para ambos sexos. Los resultados de la prueba de dinamometría manual durante la infancia y la adolescencia deben analizarse e interpretarse en función de la edad biológica y no de la edad cronológica. Estas herramientas pueden ayudar a los especialistas que trabajan con niños y adolescentes en un contexto étnico y epidemiológico.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adolescent , Hand Strength , Pressure , Reference Standards , Body Mass Index , Anthropometry , Regression Analysis , Age Factors , Republic of North Macedonia , Manual Dynamometry
2.
Int. j. morphol ; 41(6): 1653-1659, dic. 2023. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1528793

ABSTRACT

SUMMARY: Monitoring of body composition and cardiophysiological parameters are main part of the general health status of handball players and significant indicators of their physical fitness. The assessment of body components, especially skeletal muscle mass and body fat mass are important because of their influence on sport performance. The aim of this study is to determine the body composition and cardiophysiological characteristics of elite handball players from Republic of North Macedonia. 27 male HB players from two top ranking teams from RNM were tested ergometrically with Bruce protocol for determination of maximal oxygen consumption; body analysis was made with bioelectrical impedance analyzer, InBody 720. Anthropometric parameters were as follows: mean height was 190.4±7.8 cm and weight 96.3±15.5 kg, skeletal muscle mass (SMM)=47.11±6.69 kg; BMI=26.38±3.1; BF%=15.04±6.01 and WHR=0.9±1.8. The result of ergometrical test produce mean VO2 max=43.92 ml/kg/min which is 100.46 % of reference value. The body composition of elite international handball players from the top handball teams in Republic of North Macedonia showed similar body components as other European handball players. The obesity diagnose parameters were negatively associated with exercise time and maximal oxygen consumption.


El seguimiento de la composición corporal y los parámetros cardiofisiológicos son una parte principal del estado de salud general de los jugadores de balonmano y son indicadores importantes de su condición física. La evaluación de los componentes corporales, especialmente la masa muscular esquelética y la masa grasa corporal, son importantes debido a su influencia en el rendimiento deportivo. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la composición corporal y las características cardiofisiológicas de jugadores de balonmano de élite de la República de Macedonia del Norte. Se evaluaron 27 jugadores masculinos de HB de dos equipos de primer nivel de RNM ergométricamente con el protocolo de Bruce para determinar el consumo máximo de oxígeno; el análisis corporal se realizó con el analizador de impedancia bioeléctrica InBody 720. Los parámetros antropométricos fueron los siguientes: talla media 190,4±7,8 cm y peso 96,3±15,5 kg, masa músculo esquelética (SMM)=47,11±6,69 kg; IMC=26,38±3,1; %GC=15,04±6,01 y RCC=0,9±1,8. El resultado de la prueba ergométrica produce un VO2 máximo medio = 43,92 ml/kg/ min, que es el 100,46 % del valor de referencia. La composición corporal de los jugadores de balonmano internacionales de élite de los mejores equipos de balonmano de la República de Macedonia del Norte mostró componentes corporales similares a los de otros jugadores de balonmano europeos. Los parámetros diagnósticos de obesidad se asociaron negativamente con el tiempo de ejercicio y el consumo máximo de oxígeno.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Body Composition , Athletes , Cardiorespiratory Fitness , Oxygen Consumption , Anthropometry , Cross-Sectional Studies , Republic of North Macedonia
3.
Int. j. morphol ; 41(2): 535-538, abr. 2023. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1440311

ABSTRACT

SUMMARY: Variations in the origin of the right coronary artery have an incidence between 0.09 % and 0.92 %. Herein, we report a rare case of a coronary artery anomaly in which the right coronary artery originates from the left main coronary artery. This variant was found during routine coronarography, combined with an artificial aortic valve. Despite their rare occurrence, some variations in the origins of the coronary arteries can be life threatening and are associated with a higher risk of sudden cardiac death. They can also pose serious technical challenges and predispose to complications during coronary angiographic procedures. Thus, knowledge of such anomalies is paramount for managing the patients correctly.


Las variaciones en el origen de la arteria coronaria derecha tienen una incidencia entre el 0,09 % y el 0,92 %. En este documento, informamos un caso raro de una anomalía de la arteria coronaria en la que la arteria coronaria derecha se originaba en la arteria coronaria izquierda. Esta variante se encontró durante una coronariografía de rutina, combinada con una válvula aórtica artificial. A pesar de su rara aparición, algunas variaciones en los orígenes de las arterias coronarias pueden poner en peligro la vida y se asocian con un mayor riesgo de muerte súbita cardíaca. También pueden plantear serios desafíos técnicos y predisponer a complicaciones durante los procedimientos angiográficos coronarios. Por tanto, el conocimiento de dichas anomalías es fundamental para el manejo correcto de los pacientes.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Middle Aged , Coronary Angiography , Coronary Vessel Anomalies/diagnostic imaging , Anatomic Variation
4.
Int. j. morphol ; 41(1): 19-21, feb. 2023. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1430509

ABSTRACT

SUMMARY: A sesamoid bone in the elbow joint is a rare anatomical variation described as a Patella cubiti. Although this variation has been known for centuries its exact etiology is still unclear. Congenital, developmental, and traumatic hypotheses have been proposed. It seldom causes clinical manifestations than elbow stiffness or hypomobility. Herein, we present a case of a 31-year-old patient admitted to our department with complaints of swelling and erythema in the right elbow. An X-ray image revealed a triangular accessory bone with rounded edges, which was diagnosed as a Patella cubiti in combination with olecranon bursitis. Knowledge of this rare elbow abnormality is paramount for orthopedic surgeons and roentgenologists in their daily medical practice.


Un hueso sesamoideo en la articulación del codo es una rara variación anatómica descrita como Patella cubiti. Aunque esta variación se conoce desde hace siglos, su etiología exacta aún no está clara. Se han propuesto hipótesis congénitas, de desarrollo y traumáticas. Rara vez causa manifestaciones clínicas que no sean rigidez o hipomovilidad del codo. Presentamos el caso de un paciente de 31 años que ingresó en nuestro servicio por presentar tumefacción y eritema en el codo derecho. Una imagen de rayos X reveló un hueso accesorio triangular con márgenes redondeados, que se diagnosticó como una Patella cubiti en combinación con bursitis del olécranon. El conocimiento de esta rara anomalía del codo es fundamental para los cirujanos ortopédicos y los médicos radiólogos en su práctica médica diaria.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adult , Sesamoid Bones/abnormalities , Sesamoid Bones/diagnostic imaging , Elbow Joint/abnormalities , Elbow Joint/diagnostic imaging , Olecranon Process/abnormalities , Olecranon Process/diagnostic imaging
5.
Int. j. morphol ; 39(1): 151-159, feb. 2021. ilus, tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1385310

ABSTRACT

SUMMARY: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the importance of the epiligament for the difference in the healing potential of the knee anterior cruciate and medial collateral ligament. To do so, we compared the structure of the anterior cruciate and the medial collateral ligament and evaluated the differences in the expression of collagen types I, III and V in a rat knee. We have also conducted a comparative quantitative analysis of the number of cells per mm2 in the two ligaments. Tissue samples were obtained from the anterior cruciate and medial collateral ligament of 10 knee joints taken from five 8-month-old Wistar rats. We used standard hematoxylin and eosin staining, in addition to immunohistochemical staining with monoclonal antibodies against collagen types I, III and V. A semi-quantitative analysis of the expression was made through ImageJ, while Student's T-test was used for the statistical analysis. Our results showed higher expression of all collagen types in the epiligament, compared to the ligament proper and difference in the expression between the medial collateral and the anterior cruciate ligament in favor of the first. We also reported a statistically significant difference in the number of cells per mm2 between the two ligaments and their epiligaments. Our findings show a higher number of cells and a stronger expression of certain collagen types in the epiligament of the medial collateral compared to the anterior cruciate ligament, which may be related to the difference in their healing potential.


RESUMEN: El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar la importancia del epiligamento para la diferencia en el potencial de curación del ligamento cruzado anterior y colateral medial de la rodilla. Comparamos la estructura del ligamento cruzado anterior y el ligamento colateral medial y evaluamos las diferencias en la expresión de los tipos de colágeno I, III y V en una rodilla de rata. También se realizó un análisis cuantitativo comparativo del número de células por mm2 en los dos ligamentos. Se obtuvieron muestras de tejido del ligamento cruzado anterior y colateral medial de 10 articulaciones de rodilla tomadas de cinco ratas Wistar de 8 meses de edad. Utilizamos tinción estándar con hematoxilina y eosina, además de tinción inmunohistoquímica con anticuerpos monoclonales contra colágeno tipo I, III y V. Se realizó un análisis semicuantitativo de la expresión mediante ImageJ, mientras que para el análisis estadístico se utilizó la prueba T de Student. Nuestros resultados mostraron una mayor expresión de todos los tipos de colágeno en el epiligamento, en comparación con el ligamento y una diferencia en la expresión entre el ligamento colateral medial y el ligamento cruzado anterior. También informamos una diferencia estadísticamente significativa en el número de células por mm2 entre los dos ligamentos y sus epiligamentos. Nuestros hallazgos muestran un mayor número de células y una expresión mayor de ciertos tipos de colágeno en el epiligamento colateral medial en comparación con el ligamento cruzado anterior, lo que puede estar relacionado con la diferencia en su potencial de curación.


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rats , Anterior Cruciate Ligament/anatomy & histology , Collagen/metabolism , Medial Collateral Ligament, Knee/anatomy & histology , Immunohistochemistry , Anterior Cruciate Ligament/metabolism , Rats, Wistar , Medial Collateral Ligament, Knee/metabolism
6.
Int. j. morphol ; 36(4): 1398-1406, Dec. 2018. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-975715

ABSTRACT

The aim of this research was to determine the level of adiposity and obesity among Macedonian adolescents and to compare the results with previous studies conducted in this population, as well as those conducted in other populations. The sample included 2390 adolescents from four urban different regions of R. Macedonia aged between 11 to 18 years; 1238 males and 1152 females. Weight, height, waist, and hip circumference (WC, HC) as well as triceps, calf, subscapular, and suprailiac skinfold thickness (SFT) were measured. Body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), subscapular/triceps skinfold ratio (STR), and percentage body fat were computed. The prevalence of overweight and obesity defined by the IOTF children growth reference were calculated and age-dependent and gender-specific smoothed percentile curves for BMI and ROC curves were generated. The boys have statistically significantly higher values of WC, WHR and WHtR in all adult categories (except WHtR at 18 years old), greater body weight at the age of 12 to 18, and body weight 13 to 18 years (p<0.001). Weight, height and BMI are increasing with age in both, boys and girls, and decreases in girls. The level of adiposity of Macedonian adolescents has increased over the past 20 years and has reached the level of developed countries that face an obesity epidemic.


El objetivo de esta investigación consistió en determinar el nivel de adiposidad y obesidad entre los adolescentes macedonios y comparar los resultados con estudios previos realizados en esta población, así como aquellos realizados en otras poblaciones. La muestra incluyó a 2390 adolescentes de cuatro regiones urbanas diferentes de R. Macedonia con edades comprendidas entre 11 y 18 años (1238 hombres y 1152 mujeres). Se midieron el peso, la altura, la cintura y la circunferencia de la cadera (WC, HC), así como el grosor del pliegue cutáneo tríceps, pantorrilla, subescapular y suprailíaco (SFT). Se calcularon el índice de masa corporal (IMC), la relación cintura-cadera (WHR), la relación cintura-altura (WHtR), la relación de pliegue subcutáneo / tríceps (STR) y el porcentaje de grasa corporal. Se calcularon las prevalencias de sobrepeso y obesidad definidas por la referencia de crecimiento de niños IOTF y se generaron curvas percentiles suavizadas dependientes de la edad y de sexo para las curvas BMI y ROC. Los niños tuvieron valores estadísticamente significativamente más altos de WC, WHR y WHtR en todas las categorías de adultos (excepto WHtR a los 18 años), mayor peso corporal a la edad de 12 a 18 años y peso corporal de 13 a 18 años (p <0,001). El peso, la estatura y el IMC aumentan con la edad tanto en niños como en niñas y disminuyen en las niñas. El nivel de adiposidad de los adolescentes macedonios ha aumentado en los últimos 20 años y ha alcanzado el nivel de los países desarrollados que enfrentan una epidemia de obesidad.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adolescent , Body Composition , Anthropometry , Adiposity , Obesity/diagnosis , Skinfold Thickness , Body Weight , Body Mass Index , ROC Curve , Republic of North Macedonia , Waist-Hip Ratio , Overweight/epidemiology , Waist Circumference , Obesity/epidemiology
7.
Int. j. morphol ; 36(3): 864-870, Sept. 2018. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-954199

ABSTRACT

The aim of the research was to determine the full and age specific differences in obesity and motor abilities by adolescents from two countries in two western Balkan countries in south-eastern Europe: Kosovo and Montenegro. The research was realized on a sample of 1200 respondents. Of these, 600 were from Kosovo and Montenegro, a total of 6 groups from each state (100 respondents in each groups) age (13, 14 and 15 years) and sex (boys and girls). Body height, body weight, body mass index, flamingo balance, plate tapping, sit-and-reach, standing broad jump, handgrip test, sit-ups in 30 seconds, bent arm hang, 10 x 5 meter shuttle run and 20 m endurance shuttle-run were used in the analysis. The differences in fitness tests, anthropometric measures by Kosovian and Montenegro Adolescents were examined by one-way analysis of covariance. Montenegrin and Kosovo girls and Kosovo boys indicate a smaller overweight and obesity in comparison with peer group from Europe, while boys from Montenegro are placed near to their counterparts from western and southern Europe. Kosovo adolescents of both sexes and Montenegrin male adolescents aged 13 and 14 achieve on average poorer results in the test standing broad jump and 20 meters endurance shuttle-run, but achieving better results of the test pull ups stamina compared to European peers. Montenegrin female adolescents achieve poorer results in the test standing broad jump, but better results of the test pull ups stamina compared to European colleagues.


El objetivo de la investigación fue determinar las diferencias completas y específicas por edad en la obesidad y las habilidades motoras de adolescentes de dos países de los Balcanes Occidentales en el sudeste de Europa: Kosovo y Montenegro. La investigación se realizó en una muestra de 1200 encuestados. De ellos, 600 eran de Kosovo y Montenegro, un total de 6 grupos de cada estado (100 encuestados en cada grupo) de edades (13, 14 y 15 años) y sexo (niños y niñas). Se midió la altura del cuerpo, peso corporal, índice de masa corporal, equilibrio de flamencos, golpeteo de placa, sentado y alcance, salto de pie, prueba de agarre, abdominales en 30 segundos, colgar brazo flexionado, carrera de lanzadera de 10 x 5 metros y resistencia de 20 m shuttlerun. Las diferencias en las pruebas de aptitud, medidas antropométricas en adolescentes de Kosovo y Montenegro fueron examinadas a través de análisis unidireccional de covarianza. Las niñas montenegrinas y kosovares y los niños de Kosovo tenían menor sobrepeso y obesidad en comparación con el grupo de sus pares europeos, mientras que los niños de Montenegro están ubicados cerca de sus homólogos de Europa occidental y meridional. Los adolescentes de Kosovo de ambos sexos y los adolescentes montenegrinos de 13 y 14 años obtuvieron en promedio resultados más pobres en la prueba de salto de ancho y 20 metros de resistencia, pero lograron mejores resultados de resistencia en las pruebas en comparación con sus pares europeos. Las adolescentes montenegrinas lograron resultados más pobres en la prueba de salto de pie, pero mejores resultados de la prueba aumentan la resistencia en comparación con los pares europeos.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Anthropometry , Physical Fitness , Motor Skills , Obesity , Sex Factors , Montenegro , Kosovo
8.
Int. j. morphol ; 36(1): 41-47, Mar. 2018. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-893184

ABSTRACT

SUMMARY: The height, weight, diameters, volumes and skin folds were measured on a sample of 242 young soccer players from the Republic of Kosovo and therefore, the body composition, somatotype components, BMI index and maximum oxygen consumption. These were indirectly measured in order to determine their common morphological and functional features and analyze specificity i.e., the likely differences based on the playing positions (goalkeepers, defense, middle players and attackers). Within the statistical analysis, the basic descriptive statistical parameters were calculated, and a multivariate and univariate analysis of variance and post-hoc analysis were applied. Goalkeepers have statistically significantly higher body height and humeral breadth, and lower values of maximum oxygen consumption, in comparison to players who play the other positions on the team and higher body weight regarding the players who play in the middle and the attackers. Defense players have statistically significant higher body weight than the middle players. In the other anthropometric measures and somatotype components, there are no statistically significant differences among the players who play on different positions in the team. The achieved results could serve as normative morphological and functional indicators for regular sports medical examinations of young soccer players in the Republic of Kosovo. They could also be used as a template for comparison of the morphological and functional data of young soccer players at similar level in different countries.


RESUMEN: En el estudio se midieron la altura, peso, diámetros, volumen y pliegues cutáneos en una muestra de 242 jóvenes futbolistas de la República de Kosovo y se midieron indirectamente la composición corporal, los componentes del somatotipo, el índice de IMC y el consumo máximo de oxígeno para determinar sus características morfológicas y funcionales y para analizar la especificidad, es decir, las diferencias probables basadas en las posiciones de juego (porteros, defensa, jugadores medios y atacantes). Dentro del análisis estadístico, se calcularon los parámetros estadísticos descriptivos básicos, y se aplicaron análisis de varianza multivariante y univariado y el análisis post hoc. Los porteros estadísticamente tienen una altura mayor del cuerpo y de amplitud humeral, y valores más bajos de consumo máximo de oxígeno en comparación con los jugadores que juegan en las otras posiciones en el equipo y tienen un mayor peso corporal con respecto a los jugadores que juegan en el medio y los atacantes. Los jugadores de defensa tienen un peso corporal estadísticamente mayor que los jugadores del medio campo. En las otras medidas antropométricas y componentes del somatotipo, no existen diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los jugadores que juegan en diferentes posiciones en el equipo. Los resultados logrados podrían servir como indicadores normativos morfológicos y funcionales para los exámenes médicos deportivos de los jugadores de fútbol en la República de Kosovo. También podrían usarse como una plantilla para comparar los datos morfológicos y funcionales de jugadores jóvenes de fútbol de niveles similares en diferentes países.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Young Adult , Anthropometry , Physical Fitness , Soccer , Somatotypes , Analysis of Variance , Body Composition , Kosovo
9.
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-183465

ABSTRACT

Background: In the present study, we conduct an immunohistochemical analysis to evaluate the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in the epiligament (EL) after grade III injury of the medial collateral ligament (MCL) in an experimental model of a rat knee. Methods: Twelve 8-month old male Wistar rats were used in this study. Three animals were used as controls, while the remaining nine underwent grade III injury of the MCL. The MMP-9 immunoreactivity was evaluated on the 8th, 16th and 30th day after injury. Results: We observed an intensive expression of the enzyme in all periods after injury in contrast with the control group. We also discovered that the main source of matrix metalloproteinase-9 was localized in the epiligament tissue. Immunoreactivity was highest and homogeneously distributed on the 8th day and gradually diminished, concentrating on the EL-ligament border and the perivascular zones on the 30th day. Conclusion: We present the first immunohistochemical study of the expression and distribution of the enzyme MMP-9 in the EL of the MCL and track the changes in enzyme activity on the 8th, 16th and 30th day after damage.

10.
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-183461

ABSTRACT

Variations of the arteries of the upper limb are an often encountered phenomenon and have been widely described in case reports and studies over the years. The superficial palmar arch (SPA) is the main source of blood supply to the palm and digits. The classical SPA is formed by an anastomosis between the superficial branches of the radial and ulnar artery, although a number of other variations have been described. Herein, we present a peculiar formation of the SPA between the superficial branch of the ulnar artery and a communicating branch from the princeps pollicis artery. We also noted an unusual origin of the radialis indicis artery from the SPA. According to the classifications of SPA variations, the observed SPA was type II or a dominant ulnar subtype of the non-arch type. The knowledge of arterial variations in the hand is important for the successful conduction of surgical and diagnostic manipulations in the hand and is therefore of interest to anatomists and clinicians.

11.
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-182755

ABSTRACT

Background: In this study, we describe and compare the different expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and 9 (MMP-2 and 9) in the epiligament (EL) of the medial collateral ligament (MCL) of the rat knee. Methods: Twelve 8-month old male Wistar rats were used in this study. The MCL and the external surface of the surrounded EL were precisely dissected. The description of the structure of EL and the expression of MMP-2 and 9 were implemented by light microscopic and imunohistochemical analysis. Results: In the ligament, a classic morphological structure was found. The expression of the MMP-2 and MMP-9 was fSound in the adventitia of the blood vessels and in the fibroblast in the EL. The reaction of MMP-2 was more intensive in comparison to MMP-9. Conclusion: We present one of the first study of immunohistochemical localization and distribution of the enzyme MMP-2 and 9 in EL tissue and furthermore we describe and compare the enzyme activity of MMP-2 and 9 in the EL.

12.
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-182749

ABSTRACT

Background: Exposure to stress-factors caused an array of biochemical, physiological and behavioral changes. According to literature data, specific stressors may elicit specific responses, and different stressors may activate different brain systems by using specific pathways within the central nervous system. Several brain structures, including the periaqueductal gray (PAG), have been implicated in the functional neuroanatomy of stress response. The dorsolateral column of the periaqueductal gray (dlPAG) integrates aversive emotional experiences and represents an important site responding to life threatening situations. It was reported that nitric oxide (NO) affects the neuronal activity of the PAG. The goal of the present study was to investigate the changes of NO activity in the dlPAG of immobilized rats using a histochemical examination of the distribution of NADPH-d reactivity neurons. Our results showed that NO activity in rat’s dlPAG was significantly increased by acute immobilization stress. This suggests a pivotal role of this part of the brain and NO-ergic system in stress response which main role is to attenuate the effect of stress and to restore the homeostasis. Methods: The experiments were carried out on male Wistar rats (180-200g), divided into two groups. The first group represented intact controls. The second group was subjected to acute immobilization stress. Results: The acute stressor – 1 hour immobilization, showed statistically significant increase in the number of the NADPH-d positive neurons compared to the control group (p < 0.01). Conclusion: NO activity in rat’s dlPAG was significantly increased by acute immobilization stress.

13.
J Biosci ; 2014 Dec; 39 (5): 753-759
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-161990

ABSTRACT

The reaction to soil drying was evaluated in two Triticum aestivum near-isogenic lines carrying different alleles of the height-reducing gene Rht-B1 based on an improved method for assessment of electrolyte leakage. The two lines were previously shown to differ in their physiological responses to induced water deficit stress. Drought was imposed for 6 days on 10-day-old seedlings. Ion efflux from leaves was measured conductometrically in multiple time points during the 24 h incubation period, and the obtained biphasic kinetics was interpreted according to a previously developed theoretical model proposing different leakage rates through the apoplast and the symplast. Most of the model parameters were able to properly differentiate the two closely related genotypes. The mutant Rht-B1c displayed lower and slower electrolyte leakage in comparison with the wild-type Rht-B1a. It was speculated that the Rht genes expressing defective DELLA proteins might be involved in water stress response through modulation of cell wall stiffness, which influences its capacity for ions retention, and also by their contribution to ROS detoxification, thus indirectly stabilizing cellular membranes. The presented analytical approach relating processes of ion and water flow in and out of the cell could be used for characterization of membrane and cell wall properties of different genotypes under normal and stress conditions.

14.
Int. j. morphol ; 32(1): 232-240, Mar. 2014. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-708752

ABSTRACT

This research analyzes the techniques involved in basic turn in relation to anthropometric characteristics of subjects. The aim of this study was to determine the difference in the technique of basic turn performance in relation to anthropometric characteristics of subjects. In a sample of 30 students, average age 22 years, male, measuring by 12 anthropometric measures and a situational-motor test was carried out. Alpine skiing technique was assessed through primary windings, the technical element of skiing which is present in the basic form of skiing. Based on these results, we can conclude that, the differences are established and boundaries are clearly defined in the level of adoption of the basic turn techniques between subsamples in relation to anthropometric characteristics.


El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la diferencia en la técnica de rendimiento de un giro básico de esquí alpino en relación a las características antropométricas de los sujetos. En una muestra de 30 estudiantes de sexo masculino con una edad promedio de 22 años, se realizó una prueba motor circunstancial, al igual que la medición de 12 parámetros antropométricos. La técnica de esquí alpino fue evaluada a través de giros primarios. Esta técnica está presente en la forma básica del esquí alpino. En base a estos resultados, podemos concluir que se establecen las diferencias y los límites se definen claramente en el nivel de adopción de las técnicas básicas de giro entre las submuestras en relación a las características antropométricas.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Skiing/physiology , Anthropometry
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